Formatting: HTML Codes for Special Characters and Symbols

Occasionally special characters arise in writing – especially non-fiction. When converting to an e-book format, use this handy table to ensure these characters translate to your HTM file correctly.

Thank you to the University of Texas for providing a list of special characters for HTM that accounts for the standard character sets of different operating systems (e.g. Windows vs. DOS vs. Macintosh, etc.). According to their site, and my testing, this list should produce the same results on all platforms, including e-book formatting.

Source: University of Texas: HTML Special Characters.

HTML: Special Characters

For example, to render Düsseldorf the HTML source should read

Düsseldorf or Düsseldorf

Punctuation	HTML Entity (case sensitive)	ISO Latin-1 code	name or meaning
–	–	–	en dash
—	—	—	em dash
¡	¡	¡	inverted exclamation
¿	¿	¿	inverted question mark
"	"	"	quotation mark
“	“	“	left double curly quote
”	”	”	right double curly quote
'		'	apostrophe (single quote)
‘	‘	‘	left single curly quote
’	’	’	right single curly quote
« »	« »	« »	guillemets (used as quotation marks in some languages, e.g., French)
(Its there, but you can’t see it!)			non-breaking space
Symbols
&	&	&	ampersand
¢	¢	¢	cent
©	©	©	copyright
÷	÷	÷	divide
>	>	>	greater than
<	<	<	less than
µ	µ	µ	micron
·	·	·	middle dot
¶	¶	¶	pilcrow (paragraph sign)
±	±	±	plus/minus
€	€	€	Euro
£	£	£	British Pound Sterling
®	®	®	registered
§	§	§	section
™	™		trademark
¥	¥	¥	Japanese Yen
Diacritics
á Á	á Á	á Á	lower-case "a" with acute accent upper-case "A" with acute accent
à À	à À	à À	lower-case "a" with grave accent upper-case "A" with grave accent
â Â	â Â	â Â	lower-case "a" with circumflex upper-case "A" with circumflex
å Å	å Å	å Å	lower-case "a" with ring upper-case "A" with ring
ã Ã	ã Ã	ã Ã	lower-case "a" with tilde upper-case "A" with tilde
ä Ä	ä Ä	ä Ä	lower-case "a" with diaeresis/umlaut upper-case "A" with diaeresis/umlaut
æ Æ	æ Æ	æ Æ	lower-case "ae" ligature upper-case "AE" ligature
ç Ç	ç Ç	ç Ç	lower-case "c" with cedilla upper-case "C" with cedilla
é É	é É	é É	lower-case "e" with acute accent upper-case "E" with acute accent
è È	è È	è È	lower-case "e" with grave accent upper-case "E" with grave accent
ê Ê	ê Ê	ê Ê	lower-case "e" with circumflex upper-case "E" with circumflex
ë Ë	ë Ë	ë Ë	lower-case "e" with diaeresis/umlaut upper-case "E" with diaeresis/umlaut
í Í	í Í	í Í	lower-case "i" with acute accent upper-case "I" with acute accent
ì Ì	ì Ì	ì Ì	lower-case "i" with grave accent upper-case "I" with grave accent
î Î	î Î	î Î	lower-case "i" with circumflex upper-case "I" with circumflex
ï Ï	ï Ï	ï Ï	lower-case "i" with diaeresis/umlaut upper-case "I" with diaeresis/umlaut
ñ Ñ	ñ Ñ	ñ Ñ	lower-case "n" with tilde upper-case "N" with tilde
ó Ó	ó Ó	ó Ó	lower-case "o" with acute accent upper-case "O" with acute accent
ò Ò	ò Ò	ò Ò	lower-case "o" with grave accent upper-case "O" with grave accent
ô Ô	ô Ô	ô Ô	lower-case "o" with circumflex upper-case "O" with circumflex
ø Ø	ø Ø	ø Ø	lower-case "o" with slash upper-case "O" with slash
õ Õ	õ Õ	õ Õ	lower-case "o" with tilde upper-case "O" with tilde
ö Ö	ö Ö	ö Ö	lower-case "o" with diaeresis/umlaut upper-case "O" with diaeresis/umlaut
ß	ß	ß	ess-tsett
ú Ú	ú Ú	ú Ú	lower-case "u" with acute accent upper-case "U" with acute accent
ù Ù	ù Ù	ù Ù	lower-case "u" with grave accent upper-case "U" with grave accent
û Û	û Û	û Û	lower-case "u" with circumflex upper-case "U" with circumflex
ü Ü	ü Ü	ü Ü	lower-case "u" with diaeresis/umlaut upper-case "U" with diaeresis/umlaut
ÿ	ÿ	ÿ	lower-case "y" with diaeresis/umlaut
´ `		´ `	acute accent with no letter grave accent/reversed apostrophe with no letter

Source: University of Texas: HTML Special Characters.

Formatting: HTML Codes for Special Characters and Symbols

HTML: Special Characters

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